Country series: 阿尔巴尼亚's hydropower important for the Balkans

Statkraft currently has two hydropower plants in southern 阿尔巴尼亚. The power plant in Banja was completed in 2016, and Moglicë started operations in 2020. 在巴尼亚，斯塔克拉夫特家 首个浮动太阳能发电厂 也开始商业运作了吗. 

Statkraft目前正在积累可能在阿尔巴尼亚或该区域其他国家进一步投资的经验. 这是一个艰难的决定. 来自其他可再生能源的竞争, 比如太阳能和风能, makes it very hard for new hydropower projects to be profitable.

“阿尔巴尼亚是一个拥有大约300万居民的小国，国内电力市场相当小. 让Statkraft感兴趣的是阿尔巴尼亚的地理位置:在未来几年必须增加可再生能源生产的大片地区的中间,Rigela Gegprifti说, Statkraft在阿尔巴尼亚的国家经理.

“除了阿尔巴尼亚, the Western Balkans include countries such as Northern Macedonia, 科索沃, 波斯尼亚, 塞尔维亚和黑山. 这些国家正在敲欧盟的大门. 如果要邀请他们进来的话, 他们必须接受市场自由化和欧洲能源政策，后者要求对可再生能源做出强有力的承诺."

只有水电

如今，阿尔巴尼亚几乎所有的能源生产都是水力发电，其中大部分为国家所有. The country has several hydropower plants with large reservoirs, 但市场受到严格监管. 整个市场大约有7个.5太瓦时，由一家大型生产商主导, KESH (Korporata elektroenergjilike Shqiptare), 还有一个大型的国有分销商, OSHEE (Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike). Electricity prices are heavily subsidised for consumers.

"When there is good rainfall and the reservoirs are full, the system works well. 然后每个人都很高兴. There's enough electricity for everyone and it's cheap. The challenge comes when there are dry periods and perhaps several dry years. 然后，这个国家出现了严重的电力短缺, OSHEE has to go out into the market to buy power and the price hits the roof,Gegprifti解释道.

She thinks it is a disadvantage for 阿尔巴尼亚 that the one large producer, KESH, 不能在公开市场上出售电力. 市场调控导致发电企业收入较低，发展新发电的动力不足.

"A process is underway to deregulate the market and establish a regional spot market, but it will take time and requires legislative changes. 除此之外，条件都很好. 该地区有, 除此之外, a well-developed transmission grid between the countries,Gegprifti说.

她强调，Statkraft在阿尔巴尼亚的两座水电站不像国有电厂那样受到同样的限制. 来自巴尼亚和Moglicë的力量, 是否在公开市场出售, 主要是匈牙利，也有希腊和塞尔维亚. 意大利市场于2020年开放，从黑山到意大利的新海底电缆以及黑山与意大利市场相连的电力交易所.

"Being able to sell the power on the open market was a key condition for us. 如果十大靠谱网赌在一个完全监管的市场上出售电力，这些项目就不会盈利,Rigela Gegprifti说.

浮动太阳能公园的电力是根据与阿尔巴尼亚当局签订的长期PPA协议出售的.

可再生的机会

对欧盟来说, 一个运转良好的电力市场是该地区各国成为正式成员的先决条件. 如果欧洲要实现其气候目标，西巴尔干国家也必须成为绿色转型的一部分. EU countries will invest heavily in renewable energy in the years to come. 如果巴尔干国家要加入, they must cut their own emissions and open up their power markets. 在巴尔干半岛, 许多褐煤发电厂仍在运行, 当煤电被淘汰时, 电力生产将出现严重短缺. This deficit must be met with large investments in renewable energy.

“如果事情按照大多数人的想法发展, a large market for solar and 风力发电 will open up throughout the region,Gegprifti说.

Statkraft目前只在阿尔巴尼亚存在, 主要是在水电方面, 但格格普里夫蒂相信，未来几年将会出现许多新的机会.

"It's not profitable to develop more hydropower in 阿尔巴尼亚, but both solar and wind can be interesting areas for investment. Parts of the 阿尔巴尼亚n coastline have the best solar conditions in the entire region, 以及不适合耕种或定居的大面积未开垦土地. However, they could prove very suitable for large solar parks,Gegprifti说.

政治风险

尽管Statkraft在阿尔巴尼亚看到了机会, there is also some cautious scepticism regarding further investments. This has more to do with political risk than with market opportunities. 阿尔巴尼亚是一个民主共和国, 但这是一个与贫困作斗争的年轻民主国家, 有组织犯罪及贪污.

“巴尼亚的经历可能在Statkraft内部造成了一些复杂的情绪. 由于阿尔巴尼亚政府机构的决策过程耗时且复杂, it took several years from when we started planning until we got the building permit,Rigela Gegprifti说.

"There was also some nervousness about the ability to sell the power on the open market, but an amendment to the Energy Act in 2015 removed these concerns."

阿尔巴尼亚 is the only country in the region with significant reservoir capacity, 并可能在向可再生能源过渡的过程中扮演西巴尔干“电池”的关键角色. 阿尔巴尼亚在开放市场上的水电资源可能也会赚得更多. 迄今为止，中国缺乏充分实施必要的重大市场改革的政治意愿.

“政客们可能担心开放市场会推高电价，使其失去控制. 这不会受到习惯了管制价格的人们的欢迎，”Gegprifti说. 她认为阿尔巴尼亚正朝着正确的方向前进, 但没人能确定, 当, the country can become part of the European community.

"The EU likely wants them to join, but not at any price. 这个国家必须能够遵循一些基本原则，这也适用于能源. 欧盟在维也纳设立了一个能源秘书处，以帮助巴尔干国家实施市场改革. 它推动和拉动使这个过程继续下去, 但缺乏实施真正制裁的权力,Rigela Gegprifti说.

“巴尔干国家必须亲眼看到能源市场自由化的机会和好处. 没有人能强迫他们."